全身体积描记法在大鼠呼吸系统试验中的应用

目的 应用全身体积描记法观察药物对大鼠呼吸指标的影响,对动物肺功能检测系统进行性能验证,为该技术用于药物安全药理学评价提供依据。方法 SD大鼠30只,雌雄各半,分为溶媒对照组、巴氯芬（30 mg/kg）组、茶碱（30 mg/kg）组,溶媒对照组给予等体积的0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液。实验时将动物放入体积描记箱中,动物肺功能检测系统连续获取给药前至少60 min及给药后6 h内的数据,药后24 h至少连续采集60 min的数据,将每只动物给药前、给药后1、2、4、6、24 h均选取连续平稳的30个呼吸波,检测潮气量（TV）、每分钟通气量（MV）、呼吸频率（F）。结果 与溶媒对照组比较,巴氯芬组TV在给药后1、2、4、6、24 h显著增大（P<0.05）,呈先上升后下降趋势;F在药后2、4、6 h显著减慢（P<0.05）,呈先下降后上升趋势。大鼠给予30 mg/kg的茶碱后呼吸急促,药后1、2、4 h F明显加快、MV显著增加,均呈先上升后下降趋势,与溶媒对照组比较,药后1、2 h出现统计学差异（P<0.05）。结论 SD大鼠给予巴氯芬和茶碱后呼吸指标具有良好时间-反应趋势,可作为阳性药用于仪器的性能验证;肺功能检测系统能够准确记录清醒无束缚大鼠呼吸指标的变化情况,可用于呼吸系统安全药理学研究。     

Anti-hyperalgesic effects of two sphingosine derivatives in different acute and chronic models of hyperalgesia in mice

Background

The study evaluated the effects of two sphingosine derivatives N-(2-tert-butoxycarbamylhexadecyl)glutaramide (AA) and N-(1-benzyloxyhexadec-2-yl)glutaramide (OA) in different models of hypersensitivity in mice.

Valorisation of chicken feathers: Characterisation of thermal,mechanical and electrical properties

Increasing consumption of chicken results in generation of large amounts of wastes that need to be disposed of properly. Chicken feathers constitute about 5–10% of the weight of the chicken and thus they comprise a significant portion of the poultry wastes. Disposal of waste chicken feathers is problematic in that they do not readily degrade after landfilling, there is increasing shortage of landfill space, and they are contaminated with microbial biomass that makes them hazardous waste. Feathers contain ~91% keratin protein and thus, potentially, feathers can be beneficiated into high-value compounds or products comprised of keratin proteins or keratin fibres. Thus, valorisation of feathers could be a viable option for sustainable disposal of the waste. Characterisation of physicochemical properties of the chicken feather is an essential step to identifying possible avenues for valorisation of this waste biomass. While chemical, physical and morphological properties of chicken feathers and related potential valorisation routes have described by the authors, identification of their mechanical, thermal and electrical properties have not been reported and this information is necessary to have a complete and comprehensive characterisation of waste chicken feathers. Hence, in this research, the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of feathers were determined and evaluated to ascertain suitability of the feathers for production of high-value materials. The feathers and fractions thereof were characterised by TGA/DSC, Instron (material and structural testing), Dynamic Mechanical Analyser, and a two-probe measurement of resistivity instrument. Under heated conditions, the TGA of chicken feathers confirmed the occurrence of three zones of weight loss. The TGA/DSC results revealed a glass transition temperature around 67 °C and a melting temperature ~230 °C in the crystalline phase. The tenacity of chicken feather barbs at maximum load was ~16.93 cN/tex. The results from electrical properties indicated that chicken feather fractions have low conductivity. Overall, the results indicate that chicken feathers have potential to be used in a variety of applications such as electrical insulator materials, yarn production for use in textiles, nonwoven fabric production, filler for winter clothing, geotextile and construction materials.     

Influenza vaccine effectiveness to prevent influenza-related hospitalizations and serious outcomes in Canadian adults over the 2011/12 through 2013/14 influenza seasons: A pooled analysis from the Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) Serious Outcomes Surveillance (SOS Network)

BackgroundOngoing assessment of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) is critical to inform public health policy. This study aimed to determine the VE of trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) for preventing influenza-related hospitalizations and other serious outcomes over three consecutive influenza seasons.MethodsThe Serious Outcomes Surveillance (SOS) Network of the Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) conducted active surveillance for influenza in adults ≥16 years (y) of age during the 2011/2012, 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 seasons in hospitals across Canada. A test-negative design was employed: cases were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive for influenza; controls were PCR-negative for influenza and were matched to cases by date, admission site, and age (≥65 y or <65 y). All cases and controls had demographic and clinical characteristics (including influenza immunization status) obtained from the medical record. VE was estimated as 1-OR (odds ratio) in vaccinated vs. unvaccinated patients × 100%. The primary outcome was VE of TIV for preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza-related hospitalization; secondary outcomes included VE of TIV for preventing influenza-related intensive care unit (ICU) admission/mechanical ventilation, and influenza-related death.ResultsOverall, 3394 cases and 4560 controls were enrolled; 2078 (61.2%) cases and 2939 (64.5%) controls were ≥65 y. Overall matched, adjusted VE was 41.7% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 34.4–48.3%); corresponding VE in adults ≥65 y was 39.3% (95% CI: 29.4–47.8%) and 48.0% (95% CI: 37.5–56.7%) in adults <65 y, respectively. VE for preventing influenza-related ICU admission/mechanical ventilation in all ages was 54.1% (95% CI: 39.8–65.0%); in adults ≥65 y, VE for preventing influenza-related death was 74.5% (95% CI: 44.0–88.4%).ConclusionsWhile effectiveness of TIV to prevent serious outcomes varies year to year, we demonstrate a statistically significant and clinically important TIV VE for preventing hospitalization and other serious outcomes over three seasons. Public health messaging should highlight the overall benefit of influenza vaccines over time while acknowledging year to year variability.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01517191.     

加味参蛤散治疗缓解期慢性阻塞性肺疾病38例

目的:观察加味参蛤散治疗缓解期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(简称慢阻肺)患者的临床疗效。方法:将76例患者按就诊顺序均分为2组。2组均给予常规治疗,观察组同时服用加味参蛤散,1剂/d。2组均连续治疗1个月。结果:总有效率观察组为94.73%,对照组为86.84%。临床疗效观察组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。最大呼气流速(PEF)、最大呼吸中期流量(MMEF)、第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)观察组均明显改善,治疗前后组内比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗过程中2组均未见明显不良反应。结论:加味参蛤散能够较好地改善缓解期慢阻肺患者的肺通气功能,临床疗效显著。     

Effect of compressive force on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and their receptors in osteoblastic Saos-2 cells

OBJECTIVE: In orthodontic tooth movement, some cytokines released from periodontal ligament fibroblasts and alveolar bone osteoblasts on the pressure side can alter the normal processes of bone remodelling, resulting in physiological bone resorption. We examined the effect of compressive force and interleukin (IL)-1 type I receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) on the expression of inflammatory cytokines that promote osteoclast formation, as well as on their receptors, in osteoblastic Saos-2 cells. DESIGN: The cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum with or without continuous compressive force (0.5-3.0 g/cm(2)) and/or IL-1ra for up to 24h. The gene expression levels of the cytokines and their receptors were estimated by determining mRNA levels using real-time PCR; the protein levels were determined using ELISA or immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: The expression of IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor, IL-6, IL-6 receptor, IL-8 receptor, IL-11 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) increased depending on the strength and duration of the compressive force, whereas the expression of IL-8, IL-11 receptor and TNFalpha receptor did not change with the application of compressive force. The expression of cytokines and their receptors produced by 3.0 g/cm(2) of compressive force decreased with the simultaneous addition of IL-1ra and the decrease was remarkable in IL-8 receptor, IL-11 and TNFalpha. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that mechanical stress induces the production of inflammatory cytokines and their receptors in osteoblasts and the phenomenon is enhanced by the autocrine action of IL-1beta, which is increased in amount by mechanical stress.     

CAD/CAM系统中单冠设计的研究

目的 探索口腔固定修复计算机辅助设计／计算机辅助制作-CAD／CAM（ComputerAidedDesin／ComputerAided Manufacture）系境的单冠设计路线，为研制我国具有自主知识产权的固定修复CAD／CAM系境奠定基础。方法 通过机械式扫描仪获取已进行完牙体预备需进行单冠修复的模型、对颌模型及正中（牙合）的咬合模型的数据，在I—DEAS软件中通过一系列的调整得到适于该个体的单冠的数据，从而得到单冠的设计路线，并以IGES格式存储所得数据。以备后续的数控加工程序进行加工。结果 得到了单冠的计算机辅助设计的设计路线。结论 单冠的计算机辅助设计路线是可行的，具有一定的理论与实战意义，为口腔固定修复CAD/CAM系统的进一步开发打下基础。     

牵张应变作用下人牙周膜细胞内磷脂酶C-γ1水平的变化

目的:观察机械牵张应变作用下,人牙周膜细胞(HPDLCs)内磷脂酶C-γ1(PLC-γ1)水平的变化。方法:通过原代和传代培养,获得性状稳定的人牙周膜细胞,使用动态机械应变细胞加载仪对细胞进行1%、10%和20%动态牵张应变加载。加载不同时间,通过流式细胞仪对细胞进行PLC-γ1水平检测。采用SPSS13.0软件包对数据进行方差分析。结果:在加载牵张应变初期,细胞内的PLC-γ1水平维持较低水平;随着牵张应变加载时间的延长,牙周膜细胞内的PLC-γ1水平逐渐升高。50min时,PLC-γ1水平达到各应变组的最高值(P<0.01)。随着加载时间的继续延长,60min时,各应变组的PLC-γ1水平都显著下降(P<0.01)。结论:牵张应变可引起细胞内PLC-γ1水平的变化。     

抛光和自上釉对陶瓷表面平滑度的影响

目的：比较研究抛光和自上釉这两种不同的陶瓷表面处理方法，对陶瓷表面平滑度产生的影响。方法：分别以SEM和粗糙度测试仪，对抛光组和自上釉组的试件表面进行定量测试分析。试件的制作及处理均按照临床所用的常规方法。结果：SEM观察表明抛光组的平滑度与自上釉相似。经粗糙度测试仪测得的Ra值，抛光组为0.412μm，自上釉组为0．417μg。两者比较未见显著性差异（P＞0．05），且SEM的检查与Ra值的测定具有一致性。结论：采用抛光处理可以获得与自上釉相同平滑度的陶瓷表面。     

3D打印个体化钛网的机械力学性能及生物相容性分析

目的 比较3D打印钛网与成品钛网的机械力学性能差异,并评价3D打印钛网对细胞生长及分化的影响。方法 采用激光打印技术制备个体化3D打印钛网,用静态拉伸压缩载荷实验检测机械力学性能,评估机械力学性能。选择4周龄雄性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,与不同孔径大小的3D打印钛网共培养。采用CCK-8法检测各组细胞增殖情况;对各组细胞进行成骨诱导分化后,检测碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性改变,运用实时荧光定量PCR检测相关成骨基因的表达;通过扫描电镜及活/死细胞染色,观察细胞在3D打印钛网上的黏附和生长情况。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 3D打印钛网的拉伸压缩负载实验结果显示其具有优异的力学性能;相比对照组,不同孔径钛网对细胞增殖的影响不大,细胞在钛网上显现出良好的黏附和生长状态。3D打印钛网对成骨分化具有一定的促进作用。结论 3D打印钛网的机械力学性能优异,且具有良好的生物相容性。